Actually, a decaying particle doesn't need a catalyst; it just decays. It's the same process as in radioactivity, really.
Don't be fooled by the name; the Traveller meson is not the real-world meson, and the real-world meson doesn't actually behave that way - though some of the science-for-the-layman descriptions might lead one to believe that it does. Treat the Traveller meson as being made of unobtainium particles manipulated by handwavium fields, such that the unobtainium particles are 'stressed' and then projected out of the 'meson gun'; they then travel through space, ignoring all matter, until the stress releases itself, causing the particle to disintegrate violently. The stress fields imposed by the handwavium fields in the 'meson gun', and the velocity with which the stressed unobtainium particles are projected, are precisely calculated to cause the spontaneous disintegration to occur at a preselected distance from the 'gun', which will hopefully be inside the enemy ship.
(Frankly, I'd drop the 'meson gun' name entirely in favor of the early Vilani term for what they were perceiving happening when it was used against them - "gashukubi", sudden death - and call it a 'gash gun', or maybe if you're feeling a little silly, a 'cooby gun'.)