I'm no history aficianado, but I think the norm in the mid-east with bedouins and other Arabic culture was to use calvarly strictly in order to get into melee faster. It wasn't until the 18th and 19th centuries that these cultures had firearms, and bows weren't prolific in such cultures - slings were, and they were considered a weapon for slaves. There's much more honour in facing down one's foe over crossed swords.
However, if you watch Lawrance of Arabia it's obvious they were no slouches with a rifle off the back of a camel.
The archery side of things was something perfected in East Asia (China and Mongolia and later Japan) and the plains of America, as Vincent said.
Perhaps something similar for Shemites but with a sword?