Surfs and Starships

BFalcon said:
BP said:
As to a 747 vomit test - no, I am pretty certain no one's landed a starship inside a body of water in a rapidly descending 747 :lol:

Ass... :lol:

I meant floating a model in a tank of water... :)
:mrgreen:

Couldn't resist!

However, the a 747 doesn't actually negate the force of gravity - it only matches the downward acceleration. I don't believe the effect would be a good simulation of actual change in gravity on material aspects (to be simplistic, water is still falling in on itself with the force of gravity).

Note, that if 'no' gravity exists - there is no sinking, per se. That is an effect of gravity. No true 'down' would actually exist, for one thing - and the water would just float around...

Mithras said:
Hah, I was sure the OP said "star/spaceships", my mistake.
He did - that means not 'small craft' to me, though I clarified by using 'starship' in my posts for this reason (though probably slipped and used 'ship' in certain places).

As I posted, its just easier in smaller ships, you still have to intentionally design the ship or otherwise have sufficient density to submerge- if you just want to do it with ballast or onboard mass. Assuming you are using gravitics, though, so it would be a non-issue...
 
Yeah, I know gravity essentially equals acceleration and that the 747 training works by allowing the aircraft (and its occupants) to go into freefall - but the same effect would, at least as close as we're going to get, simulate low gravity situations, just as a centrifuge or an accelerating jet could simulate (in theory) a high-G world.

It's whether or not anyone would want to spend the money doing so, I guess...
 
BP said:
Mithras said:
Hah, I was sure the OP said "star/spaceships", my mistake.
He did - that means not 'small craft' to me, though I clarified by using 'starship' in my posts for this reason (though probably slipped and used 'ship' in certain places).

I don't think "ship" would be a slip in this case. It has long been the convention in Traveller that "Ship" refers to 100tons and larger with "Star" prefix for jump capable and "Space" prefix for non-jump capable. Any space craft under 100tons are simply "Boats" generically, though often given more specific titles (Fighter, Cutter, Launch, etc.). Though not without some confusion (System Defense Boat :roll: ).

BP said:
As I posted, its just easier in smaller ships, you still have to intentionally design the ship or otherwise have sufficient density to submerge- if you just want to do it with ballast or onboard
mass. Assuming you are using gravitics, though, so it would be a non-issue...

Presuming that's how gravitics work of course and if you're talking the lifters or the thrusters or a combined maneuver drive package. Just how does it work in your take? Lifters changing the mass of the ship itself? Thrusters pushing/pulling against gravity? Generally I've always understood lifters worked by removal of the mass of the ship (or some 99% of it) from the gravity field (an interference field). So you can't make the ship heavier (more massive) to submerge, all you can do is make it lighter. Thrusters might be able to power a ship into a dive against buoyancy but I'm not convinced it would be very controlled.
 
BFalcon said:
... at least as close as we're going to get...
The ISS is still in orbit! :D

I'm not sure what you are desiring to 'simulate', I think I missed that? The effect of gravity on buoyancy?

BTW: Mithras - since you mentioned shuttles, and the RW has examples ;)

While a water landing of the Space Shuttle would be ill-advised without some way to slow the gliding brick effect (parachutes?), I'm fairly certain it would float. IIRC, commercial aircraft, like a 747, are required to float (at least for a while). Again, till enough water was allowed in (ballast).

Submerging it could actually be fairly difficult (while in one piece), even if the seals gave... actually, looking at a structural diagram, I'm not real sure the U.S. Space shuttle would sink even if only the crew compartment was unflooded (and maybe if the whole thing where flooded) - most of it is designed to be lightweight, with the bulk of the thermal protection system (tiles) being under 20% the density of water and a large amount of the shuttle is aluminum (about 2.5x water, but very thin compared to say the tiles when it comes to the hull). There are a number of tanks, but if they are partially empty they will certainly float (most might float without being empty). The densest things might be engine parts, landing gear, hatches and seats, but the bulk of the mass might be the aluminum supports... and that ain't much, considering the volumes.
 
far-trader said:
...
Presuming that's how gravitics work of course and if you're talking the lifters or the thrusters or a combined maneuver drive package. Just how does it work in your take?
Ah... you know that is a slippery slope my friend, regardless of the local gravity gradient! :wink:

Well, my take from long ago is simple (yeah right) - gravity has a particle/wave duality. The anti-grav part works by neutralizing the gravitons (virtual or otherwise ;) ) acting on a body (but not the other way around - in other words, the gravitic device still has mass and affects other bodies). (This results in a trackable neutrino signature, IMTU.)

Likewise, the gravitons can be generated (or at least a field that acts like such) to simulate gravity and counteract acceleration.

The propulsion part works by acting upon ubiquitous gravity waves that are part of the space-time continuum (queue dramatic overture...). However, it is limited by 'gravitonic harmonics' - while power requirements go up fairly linearly (arg = design rules related to EPs), larger volumes are harder to accelerate. Obviously this was for accounting for the 6G limit and lower spec M-Drives - this, fortunately works for MgT's small craft designs.

As I said, my take is pretty old (early CT days, in fact - haven't thought about it since) - however, in CT, and even MgT that I am aware, there is nothing that would indicate that gravitics wouldn't work underwater. They obviously work in atmo (and plasma, IMTU) - there is nothing stating they don't work in liquid atmo's and underwater as well, to my knowledge. Not to say that currents, like atmo, wouldn't make piloting a challenge. This is supported by the rule mechanics in air. Structurally, I'd limit starships underwater as far as pressure goes (water is a whole lot denser than air). If they are unarmoured, probably less than 100 m. Their 'speed' and acceleration would be drastically reduced. Hypersonic is fine in upper atmo - in lower atmo, the speeder and air/raft set the example, I think. For underwater, a similar limit would seem advisable (like 36 knots or less cruising - maybe only 2-12 for unarmoured ships - max 55-80 for brief stints when armoured [my d6 thinking rears its head ;)] ).

As to lifters and thrusters - never used them (not part of the original CT that I ever owned). Of the MgT books I have, they aren't part of the rules, as far as I know. However, I do like bright lights for maneuvering ships, so I resorted to 'optical thermal radiators' for that special Hollywood touch! :D

P.S. - thanks for the backing on my 'slip' but I must confess to being unaware of the common nomenclature. :oops:

A slash combination can be ambiguous and since all star ships are spaceships, I figured the OP might be trying to clarify larger spaceships vs. small craft and not remembering the 'official' terminology. I tried to use 'starship' to be unambiguous. Mithras was right, and I was wrong in not clarifying I meant my posts when referring to the 'thread' as a whole.
 
Sorry, I dn't have the books at this location, but I seem to remember that MgT specifically states in one of the rule books that Ship's float.
Perhaps one of the wilderness refueling sections or the Starport book.

The only reason that it stood out is because I reserached the issue once upon a time. Apollo and Shuttle era spacecraft (as well as all water tight aircraft) float like a cork ... something close to 4 tonnes per dTon compared to 13.5 tonnes per dTon for water.
 
Ah - that is nice. I tried a quick google for density of ships and space shuttle the other day without result... So, I figured about 0.3 grams/cubic cm for an average density (as a total SWAG). That works out to 4 tons per 13.5 cubic meter design ton. :D
 
Mithras said:
rust ? ... rust? !

I have on my list of 'industrial and other non-military' ships to design a shuttle designed to drop from high port, submerge and dock with an underwater habitat.
If you prefer a more realistic approach, such a shuttle should have
a configuration which is both aerodynamic and hydrodynamic (pro-
bably a cylinder shape), ballast tanks, underwater electronics (so-
nar), an auxiliary underwater drive (for example a small hydrojet
drive) and an airlock which can double as a drylock when necessa-
ry.

The need for ballast tanks would mean that such a shuttle would
have less commercially useful volume than a normal one, and the-
refore make the transfer of passengers and cargo to an underwa-
ter destination easier and faster, but also more expensive per per-
son and ton. With a more realistic approach it would be more eco-
nomical to have a floating transfer port on the ocean surface, an
equivalent of the world's orbital highport.

However, if you assume - as some versions of Traveller obviously
do - that the maneuver drive enables the craft to dive despite its
normally too high flotation, and that the drive also enables it to
move underwater, all the craft would still need would be the un-
derwater electronics and a modified airlock, which would raise its
price by probably not more than about 10,000 Credits - a negligi-
ble sum compared to the other costs.
 
BP said:
This means as the 'weight' of the ship changes, so to does the 'weight' of the liquid by the same ratio - without their volumes changing. I.e., the relative densities remain the same (specific gravity and apparent gravity remain equivalent).
This was my first thought, too, although some sources seem to
insist that the flotation depends on the mass density (which re-
mains the same under a different gravity) instead of the weight
density (which changes when the gravity changes). The result
is the same, a different gravity has no influence on the flotation
of the ship.
For underwater, a similar limit would seem advisable (like 36 knots or less cruising - maybe only 2-12 for unarmoured ships - max 55-80 for brief stints when armoured [my d6 thinking rears its head ;)] ).
If you want a more cinematic approach, you could use supercavi-
tation to allow much higher speeds. For example, the fastest tor-
pedo of our navy already has a speed of more than 400 kph.
 
BP said:
BFalcon said:
... at least as close as we're going to get...
The ISS is still in orbit! :D

I'm not sure what you are desiring to 'simulate', I think I missed that? The effect of gravity on buoyancy?

Yes... Low (not zero or near-zero gravity) - which should be a lot more sustainable than the 0G drop that they use for the zero-G training. The ISS is in free-fall, so could only manage zero-G with no control over the gravity simulated. Even spinning the experiment in a centrifuge on the ISS would be a bit dubious in a way, since the acceleration through such a small arc might throw out the results.
 
Buoyancy is defined as volume x density x gravity. So, if you double
or halve the gravity while the volume and the density stay the same,
you double or halve both the weight of the object (ship) and the ob-
ject's buoyancy - the result does not change.
 
rust said:
...If you want a more cinematic approach, you could use supercavi-
tation to allow much higher speeds. For example, the fastest tor-
pedo of our navy already has a speed of more than 400 kph.
Oh - I'm all for the cinematic! :D

Didn't know torps could go that fast! My numbers are WAGs influenced loosely by Mark 48 torps and sub fiction...

Supercavitaiton would require the right shape, normally, I should think. I can see letting a creative spaceship, not designed for it, achieve it though using gases - with the downside that collapse of the bubble could have 'interesting' consequences, plus that gas would come from fuel or life support :twisted:

A design specially for it - armoured shuttle with extremely aerodynamic shape, maybe with added high pressure gas 'bubble sustainer' - could actually dive into the water at high speed. 8)
 
Almost, almost. The Russian Squall supercavitating torpedo can do nearly that (around 370-400 under ideal conditions), but it can't turn - you have to drive it in a straight line, or you lose the bubbles. Most other navies are developing a steerable one, but are 10-15 years away from a finished product.

I think you'd have to have a vessel that was designed for supercavitation - you'd need incredibly precise control of the release of gas bubbles from the hull - especially when steering. On top of that - sensors would be degraded (Sonar probably useless unless it was towed?) and anyone using passive sonar would hear you coming from a long distance. Not too good for a stealthy vessel, but fantastic if you want a high-speed (civilian?) runabout.
 
The main problem with it over here is that we do have the technology,
but no real need for it, and the government's export guidelines would
prevent an export to all but NATO allies, which usually prefer to work
on their own systems.

As a result many interesting new technologies are developed, tested -
and shelved, because there is not enough money available to produce
those "white elephants" which do not significantly improve our defen-
ce. This is especially true for the supercavitating torpedoes, there are
simply no plausible targets for them.
 
SSWarlock said:
I'm looking for comments on small craft as well.
You can assume that all standard small craft will float, but
like starships they will not be trimmed well and will tend
to float with the bow in the air and the stern deep in the
water. However, it would take neither a lot of money nor
much volume to carry inflatable floaters used to trim the
small craft whenever it has to land on water.
 
If they have determinable bow/sterns ;)

Some designs might be prone to 'flipping over' or flopping about, of course.

Increasing volume and reducing density with 'floatees' seems reasonable - and its always nice to have more things a Ref can punch holes in! :D
 
I assume that having power to either Maneuver or internal gravity allows a craft to self trim, either by the "magic" artifice of homogenizing the internal density or by active trim adjustment using the drive.

It's when you lose power that things get bad.

Another assumption is that ships built by/for water worlds are often "dead trim" (will float in a useful orientation even without power) by design. Small craft may be as well, but this can be more difficult when using standard hull forms.
 
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