Round trip RADAR return time for 1 nautical mile is 12.35 microseconds:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_mile
Radiated power requirements square to double the range within atmosphere, I don’t have the physics for vacuum.
Antenna rotation speed is also a factor, antenna have a beam width, typically a fraction of a degree. And beam focus spreads at distance reducing the power density for any given point in space. Typically, the slower an antenna rotates, the longer the range. For a 100 mile range RADAR, the antenna will complete one full rotation every 4 seconds. For a 270 mile range the antenna will rotate every 15 seconds.
Sweeping frequency provides elevation information resulting in height determination.
Doppler effect occurs for moving targets which shift the returned frequency and can be used for velocity calculations.
Passive detection will also rely upon some of these considerations.
Detection is one part of the equation. Signal processing, event detection and operator action are other parts of the equation.
Naturally the above is not the complete picture, there are other factors given we are playing a future-state game. Despite not wanting the physics to get in the way, in the words of Scottie: “We cannae change the laws of physics, Jim” and the speed of light will always be a limiting factor