The Girardoni (or Girandoni) air rifle, one of the first repeating rifles, was designed by Ladin artisan watchmaker and gunsmith Bartolomeo Girardoni in Austria circa 1779. Girandoni made both customary flintlocks and the innovative air guns, called Windbüchse ("wind rifle" in German). One of the air rifle's more famous associations is its use on the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore and map the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.
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The Girardoni air rifle was four feet (1.2 m) long and weighed ten pounds (4.5 kg), about the same size and weight as infantry muskets of the time. It fired a .46 or .51 caliber ball and had a tubular, gravity or spring-fed magazine with a capacity of 20-22 balls.[9][10][11] Unlike its contemporary, muzzle-loading muskets, which required the rifleman to stand up to reload with powder and ball, the Girardoni air rifle permitted the shooter to load a ball by pushing the transverse spring loaded chamber bar out of the breech which allowed a ball to be supplied to it from the magazine and which then rebounded back to its firing position, all while lying down.[9]
The detachable air reservoir was in the club-shaped stock. With a full air reservoir, the Girardoni air rifle had the capacity to shoot 30 shots at useful pressure. These balls were effective to approximately 125 yd (114 m) on a full air reservoir. The power declined as the air reservoir was emptied.[12] To recharge the air reservoir, it was attached to the top of the accessory pump, the base of which was placed on the ground and secured with the feet, which then required some 1500 strokes to bring it up to its working pressure of approximately 800 psi (55 bar).[5]
Contemporary regulations of 1788 required that each rifleman be equipped with the rifle, three compressed air reservoirs (two spare and one attached to the rifle), cleaning stick, hand pump, lead ladle and 100 lead balls, 1 in the chamber, 19 in the magazine built into the rifle and the remaining 80 in four tin tubes, (or speed loaders in the modern vernacular). Equipment not carried attached to the rifle was held in a special leather knapsack. It was also necessary to keep the leather gaskets of the reservoir moist to maintain a good seal and prevent leakage.[13]