Also worth noting that a character's characteristics come into some medical proficiencies. Dex 2 just isn't going to cut it as a surgeon, though they may make a good GP (Edu) or researcher (Int/Edu).
Another way of addressing it is to require complementary rolls from an appropriate science. i.e. A medic with no skill in Life Science would need to make an unskilled Life Science (Cybernetics) roll if they were operating on enhancements, drastically reducing their chances. This is a good way of dealing with Xeno-medicine, too. Micro- or telepresence surgery would need Remote Operations, genetic therapy would need Life Science (genetics), radiology would need Sensors, etc.
Another way of addressing it is to require complementary rolls from an appropriate science. i.e. A medic with no skill in Life Science would need to make an unskilled Life Science (Cybernetics) roll if they were operating on enhancements, drastically reducing their chances. This is a good way of dealing with Xeno-medicine, too. Micro- or telepresence surgery would need Remote Operations, genetic therapy would need Life Science (genetics), radiology would need Sensors, etc.