What level of detail are you looking for? A basic map of the planet (major mountain ranges, continents, large islands, etc) would only take a few hours with a ship with active drives. That would be a basic radar/visual mapping of the surface.
Detailed examination would probably take days, if not a week. That should get you a more detailed level of data to layer on the first - more details on biospheres, bodies of water, basic ground composition with info like density, type of rock, etc. You may be able to spot other smaller locations like geothermal springs, etc.
Keep in mind that it's all a slice in time. A planet that has seasons would not be revealing that data until the seasons occur - while some predictions are possible, you'd still need more live data to make an accurate model.
You'd figure a survey vessel would dispatch drones or smaller craft to build up the maps faster, whereas a single ship would be limited to the area of scan of it's sensors and have to constantly change position to map the planet (probably polar orbits that change by a few degrees with each pass).